The Nupe People: An Ethnic Heritage of Central Nigeria

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Introduction

 

The Nupe people, traditionally known as the Nupawa by the Hausas and Tapa by the Yoruba, are a prominent ethnic group native to North Central Nigeria. The Nupe people are an ethnic group from central Nigeria, primarily concentrated in the Niger state, Kwara, Kogi, Nassarawa and Abuja. They have a rich cultural heritage and are historically known for their agricultural, fishing, and metalworking skills. 

The Nupe people are believed to have migrated to their current location from northern Asia, probably around the 15th or 16th Century, as a Kingdom. This migration was a significant event in their history, shaping their social and political system organised around clans and lineages. The Nupe people have a unique language, called Nupe, and are a member of the Benue-Congo language family named Nupoid. This article delves into the rich history, cultural heritage, and contemporary presence of the Nupe people.

 

Oral History 

The Nupe people’s history is closely intertwined with the history of Kano state. The Nupe people were involved in establishing the Kano Emirate and played a significant role in the region’s development. They were mainly known for their ironworking skills, an essential industry in the region. The Nupe people were also involved in trading and agriculture and played a role in spreading Islam throughout the region. Over time, the Nupe people came to form a significant part of the population of Kano state, contributing to its economic and cultural growth.

 

There’s so much more to say about the Nupe people – they have a vibrant and captivating oral history, an impressive artistic tradition, and a reputation for their military prowess and resistance to foreign rule. 

Historical Background

The origins of the Nupe trace back to Tsoede, a significant figure who fled the court of Idah and established a loose confederation of towns along the Niger River in the 15th Century. This strategic location facilitated interactions with neighbouring ethnic groups, notably the Yoruba Igbomina to the south and the Yoruba Oyo to the southwest. Over centuries, these interactions, driven by trade and occasional conflicts, led to a unique blend of cultural influences.

W.E.B. Du Bois, in his seminal work “The Negro,” posits that Nupe trade may have extended to distant regions like Sofala and the Byzantine Empire, even suggesting the exchange of embassies between these distant lands, according to credible legends.

Demography and Language

With an estimated population of around 4.5 million, the Nupe are primarily concentrated in Niger State but also inhabit parts of Kwara, Kogi, and the Federal Capital Territory. Their linguistic heritage is marked by the Nupe language, a testament to their enduring cultural identity. Most Nupe people practice Islam, though there are also Christian and African Traditional Religion adherents among them.

The Etsu Nupe, the traditional ruler of Bida, symbolizes its storied past. The current lineage is partly of Fulani descent, a legacy of the early 19th-century Sokoto jihad, which saw a Fulani ascendancy in Bida in 1806.

Cultural Heritage and Art

Nupe culture is rich and diverse, though many traditional practices have evolved or diminished over time, mainly due to the influences of the Sokoto jihad. Among the enduring customs are the tribal marks often seen on the faces of Nupe individuals. These marks serve various purposes, from denoting family lineage and prestige to providing protection. However, this practice is gradually fading in certain areas.

Nupe art is renowned for its abstract qualities. They are especially famous for their intricately carved wooden stools, which feature detailed patterns and designs. This artistic tradition is a visible marker of their cultural legacy.

 

Scholarly Perspectives

The Nupe have been the subject of extensive ethnographic study, most notably by Siegfried Nadel. His work, “Black Byzantium,” remains a cornerstone of anthropological literature, offering a detailed and nuanced portrayal of Nupe society.

 

Contemporary Nupe

Today, the Nupe people continue to navigate the complexities of modern Nigerian society while striving to preserve their rich cultural heritage. Though they lack a formal capital, having moved from Raba to Bida in the 19th Century, their influence within Niger State and beyond remains significant. They have adapted to modernity while maintaining their traditional practices and customs, demonstrating their resilience and commitment to their cultural identity.

 

Marriage System and Traditions

The Nupe people have a distinctive and elaborate marriage system that reflects their rich cultural heritage. Marriage among the Nupe is not merely a union between two individuals but a significant social contract between families and communities.

 

Courtship and Engagement:

The process begins with courtship, where families play an active role in identifying suitable partners for their children.Once a match is found, the groom’s family visits the bride’s family to express their intentions. This visit, known as “Iko,” is a formal introduction where both families discuss the potential union.

 

Bride Price and Negotiations:

The bride price, called “Sharo,” is a critical component of the Nupe marriage system. It consists of gifts and money presented by the groom’s family to the bride’s family. The amount and nature of the bride price are subject to negotiations, reflecting the bride’s value and the groom’s capability.

 

Pre-Wedding Ceremonies:

Several pre-wedding ceremonies take place, including “Kukan Tsafa” (making of the marriage list) and “Saduwa” (betrothal). These ceremonies involve the exchange of gifts, prayers, and the formal agreement of the wedding date. The bride often receives a “Zaman Gida” (dowry), consisting of household items, clothes, and jewelry, symbolizing her readiness to start a new life.

 

Wedding Day:

On the wedding day, a series of rituals and celebrations occur. The groom, accompanied by his friends and family, visits the bride’s home, where prayers and blessings are offered. The couple is then taken to the mosque for the “Nikkah” (Islamic marriage ceremony) if they are Muslims. The celebration continues with feasting, dancing, and music, reflecting the communal joy and approval of the marriage.

 

Post-Wedding Traditions:

After the wedding, the bride is often given advice and blessings by the older women in her family. This ceremony, known as “Gaisuwa,” emphasizes her new responsibilities and the expectations of her new family. The couple usually spends the initial days of their marriage in the bride’s family home before moving to the groom’s house.

 

Monarchy System

The Nupe have a well-structured traditional monarchy system that plays a crucial role in their governance and cultural identity.

 

Etsu Nupe:

The Etsu Nupe is the paramount ruler and the most significant traditional authority among the Nupe people. The title “Etsu” denotes a king or chief, and the Etsu Nupe holds considerable influence over the Nupe kingdom. The current Etsu Nupe resides in Bida, the traditional seat of power since the 19th century.

 

Succession:

The succession to the Etsu Nupe throne is hereditary, typically passing within specific ruling families. However, the selection of the Etsu involves consultation with kingmakers, who are senior members of the Nupe aristocracy. These kingmakers ensure that the chosen Etsu possesses the qualities necessary to lead and maintain the kingdom’s traditions.

 

Roles and Responsibilities:

The Etsu Nupe is responsible for maintaining law and order, overseeing traditional ceremonies, and serving as the custodian of Nupe culture and traditions. The Etsu also plays a vital role in conflict resolution within the community, using traditional methods to mediate disputes and ensure harmony.

 

Council of Chiefs:

The Etsu Nupe is supported by a council of chiefs and advisers, each responsible for various aspects of governance. These chiefs oversee different districts and report to the Etsu, ensuring that traditional laws and customs are upheld across the Nupe kingdom.

 

Ceremonial Duties:

The Etsu Nupe presides over significant cultural and religious ceremonies, including festivals, coronations, and communal gatherings. These events reinforce the social structure and cultural heritage of the Nupe people, with the Etsu at the centre of these activities.

 

Cultural Traditions

Nupe cultural traditions are rich and diverse, encompassing various aspects of daily life, art, and social practices.

 

Festivals:

The Nupe celebrates several festivals throughout the year, each with its unique significance. One of the most notable is the Gani festival, a time of great celebration marked by music, dance, and elaborate masquerades. These festivals serve as a means of preserving cultural heritage and fostering community spirit.

 

Art and Craftsmanship:

Nupe art is renowned for its intricate designs and craftsmanship. The people are famous for their wooden stools, pottery, and weaving. These artistic expressions are not only functional but also hold cultural and spiritual significance.

 

Music and Dance:

Music and dance are integral to Nupe culture. Traditional instruments like the “Kakaki” (long trumpet) and “Kora” (stringed instrument) are used in various ceremonies. Dance forms an essential part of celebrations, often accompanied by rhythmic drumming and chanting.

 

Tribal Marks and Adornments:

While less common today, tribal marks were traditionally used to denote family lineage, social status, and beauty. These marks, along with jewelry and other adornments, are a visible representation of Nupe identity and heritage.

The Nupe people’s rich history and cultural heritage are integral to the broader tapestry of Nigeria’s ethnic diversity. From their storied past under Tsoede to their current societal contributions, the Nupe exemplify the resilience and dynamism of ethnic identities in West Africa. The Nupe people remain a vital part of Nigeria’s cultural landscape as they continue to balance tradition with modernity.